English as Foreign Language Teachers from Mexican Public Primary Schools: Readiness for Emergency Remote Teaching and Challenges for Post Pandemic Times

Authors

  • José Luis Ramírez Romero Universidad de Sonora
  • Cristian Enrique Gómez Domínguez Universidad Kino
  • Christian Javier Salas Juárez Universidad Kino
  • Gildardo Bautista Hernández Universidad Intercultural del Estado de Puebla

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.4151/07189729-Vol.63-Iss.2-Art.1434

Keywords:

English as a Foreign Language Primary School ICT Emergency Remote Teaching COVID-19

Abstract

This paper answers the overarching research questions: Were English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teachers from Mexican public primary schools ready in terms of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) use for emergency remote teaching to face COVID-19 pandemic times, why, and what are the challenges for post pandemic times? Data was collected using a questionnaire whose items were adopted from previous studies conducted in English-speaking countries and translated into Spanish. The instrument was answered by a sample of 279 teachers from northwest Mexico, selected by non-probabilistic sampling. We analyzed the data from the questionnaires using descriptive analysis. Results suggest that EFL teachers were not ready for Emergency Remote Teaching (ERT) to face COVID-19 pandemic times due to institutional and personal factors or barriers. The paper concludes with some challenges for post pandemic times.

References


Ahmed, S., Qasem, B., & Pawar, S. (2020). Computer-assisted language instruction in South Yemeni context: A study of teachers’ attitudes, ICT uses and challenges. International Journal of Language Education, 4(2), 59-73. https://doi.org/10.26858/ijole.v4i2.10106

Andrade-Pulido, M. (2014). Creencias sobre el uso de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación de los docentes de educación primaria en México. Actualidades Investigativas en Educación, 14(2), 1-29. https://doi.org/10.15517/aie.v14i2.14827

Area-Moreira, M., Hernández-Rivero, V., & Sosa-Alonso, J. (2016). Modelos de integración didáctica de las TIC en el aula. Revista Científica de Educomunicación, 24(47), 79-87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3916/C47-2016-08

Baptista, P., Loeza, C., Almazán, A., López, V., & Cárdenas, J. (2020). Encuesta nacional a docentes ante el Covid-19. Retos para la educación a distancia. Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios Educativos (México), 50, 41-88. https://doi.org/10.48102/rlee.2020.50.ESPECIAL.96

Barbaran, C. (2014). The Factors Influencing Teachers’ Decision to Integrate Current Technology Educational Tools in Urban Elementary Public Schools [Doctoral thesis, Saint Peter’s University]. ProQuest. https://www.proquest.com/openview/3f4a9a394fcda679fa4224854f88b2bd/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750

Baser, D., Kopcha, T., & Ozden, M. (2015). Developing a technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) assessment for preservice teachers learning to teach English as a foreign language. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 29(4), 749-764. https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2015.1047456

British Educational Communications and Technology Agency. (2004). A review of the research literature of barriers to the uptake of ICT by teachers. BECTA ICT Research. http://dera.ioe.ac.uk/1603/1/becta_2004_barrierstouptake_litrev.pdf

Caldwell, M. (2020). An investigation into the perceptions of Japanese university educators on the use of ICT in an EFL tertiary setting. Computer-Assisted Language Learning Electronic Journal, 21(2), 1-16. http://callej.org/journal/21-2/Caldwell_2020.pdf

Cuesta, M., Fonseca-Pedrero, E., Vallejo, G., & Muñiz, J. (2013). Datos perdidos y propiedades psicométricas en los tests de personalidad. Anales de Psicología, 29(1), 285-292. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.29.1.137901

Davies G., & Hewer, S. (2012). Introduction to new technologies and how they can contribute to language learning and teaching. Module 1.1. In G. Davies (Ed.), Information and Communications Technology for Language Teachers (ICT4LT), Slough, Thames Valley University [Online]. http://www.ict4lt.org/en/en_mod1-1.htm

Dewi, D., Irmawati, D., & Asri, T. (2020). Investigating EFL teachers' barriers of using Internet application at university level. Journal of English Educators Society (JEES), 5(1), 61-66. https://doi.org/10.21070/jees.v5i1.375

Dreesen, T., Akseeri, S., Brossardi, M., Dewanii, P., Giraldoii, J. P., Kameii, A., Mizunoyaiii, S., & Ortizi, J. (2020). Innocenti Research Brief 2020-10: Promising practices for equitable remote learning Emerging lessons from COVID-19 education responses in 127 countries. United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund [UNICEF].  https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/IRB%202020-10%20CL.pdf

Ertmer, P. (1999). Addressing first and second order barriers to change: strategies for technology integration, Educational Technology Research and Development, 47(4), 47-61. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02299597

European Commission. (2013). Survey of schools: ICT in Education (Version 1) [Survey]. Belgium. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02299597

Fernández-Cruz, F., Fernández-Díaz, M., & Rodríguez-Mantilla, J. (2018). El proceso de integración y uso pedagógico de las TIC en los centros educativos madrileños. Educación XXI, 21(2), 395-416. https://doi.org/10.5944/educxx1.17907

Fernández-Rodrigo, L. (2016). El uso didáctico y metodológico de las tabletas digitales en aulas de educación primaria y secundaria de Cataluña. Pixel-Bit: Revista de Medios y Educación, 48, 9-25. https://doi.org/10.12795/pixelbit.2016.i48.01

Ferri, F., Grifoni, P., & Guzzo, T. (2020). Online learning and emergency remote teaching: Opportunities and challenges in emergency situations. Societies, 10(4), 86. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc10040086

Gómez Domínguez, C. E. (2018). Uso de las TIC en la Enseñanza del Inglés en las Primarias Públicas del Estado de Sonora [Tesis de maestría, Universidad de Sonora]. Repositorio Institucional. https://doi.org/10.21703/rexe.20191836gomez4

Hazaea, A. N., Bin-Hady, W. R. A., & Toujani, M. M. (2021). Emergency remote English language teaching in the Arab league countries: Challenges and remedies. Call-Ej, 22(1), 201-222.

He, B., Puakpong, N., & Lian, A. (2015). Factors affecting the normalization of CALL in Chinese senior high schools. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 28(3), 189-201. https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2013.803981

Hodges, C., Moore, S., Lockee, B., Trust, T., & Bond, A. (2020). The difference between emergency remote teaching and online learning. EDUCAUSE Review. https://er.educause.edu/articles/2020/3/the-difference-between-emergency-remote-teachingand-online-learning

Ibieta, A., Hinostroza, J. E., Labbé, C., & Claro, M. (2017). The role of the Internet in teachers’ professional practice: activities and factors associated with teacher use of ICT inside and outside the classroom. Technology, Pedagogy and Education, 26(4), 425-438. https://doi.org/10.1080/1475939X.2017.1296489

Jung, H. (2015). Fostering an English teaching environment: factors influencing English as a foreign language teachers’ adoption of mobile learning, Informatics in Education, 14(2), 219-241. https://doi.org/10.15388/infedu.2015.13

Kaur, N., & Bhatt, M. (2020). The face of education and the faceless teacher post COVID-19. Horizon, 2, 39-48. https://doi.org/10.37534/bp.jhssr.2020.v2.nS.id1030.p39

Kerckaert, S., Vanderlinde, R., & Van Braak, J. (2015). The role of ICT in early childhood education: scale development and research on ICT use and influencing factors. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 23(2), 183-199. https://doi.org/10.1080/1350293X.2015.1016804

Li, B. (2022). Ready for online? Exploring EFL teachers’ ICT acceptance and ICT literacy during COVID-19 in mainland China. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 60(1), 196-219. https://doi.org/10.1177/07356331211028934

Li, Z., Dursun, A., & Hegelheimer, V. (2017). Technology and L2 writing. In C. A. Carol, & S. Shannon (Eds.), The handbook of technology and second language teaching and learning (pp. 77-92). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118914069.ch6

Madera, M., Torres, L., & Quevedo, L. (2012). Estudio de traducción y confiabilidad del instrumento de la Teoría Unificada de la Aceptación y Uso de la Tecnología (UTAUT). Apertura, 4(2), 96-105. http://www.udgvirtual.udg.mx/apertura/index.php/apertura/article/view/319/285

Marshall, D. T., Shannon, D. M., & Love, S. M. (2020). How teachers experienced the COVID-19 transition to remote instruction. Phi Delta Kappan, 102(3), 46-50. https://doi.org/10.1177/0031721720970702

Megawati, F., Mukminatien, N., Permana, A. I., Dewi, L. A., & Fitrianti, F. (2021). Emergency remote teaching and learning: Technology-based instructional plan across grade levels. Teaching English with Technology, 21(2), 112-126.

Mishra, P., & Koehler, M. (2006). Technological pedagogical content knowledge: a framework for teacher knowledge. Teachers College Record [online], 108(6), 1017-1054. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9620.2006.00684.x

Naim, R. M., & Sandaran, S. C. (2020). EFL teachers' perceptions of the barriers and opportunities for implementing eLearning at Afghanistan universities. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 8(11C), 97-104. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2020.082311

Okwara, J. C., Buba, A. K., Ajayi, O. L., & Adesola, C. O. (2020). Social media aid to teaching and learning in the COVID-19 new normal: A case of Nigeria. Journal of Science, Engineering, Technology and Management, 2(4), 32-38. https://doi.org/10.46820/JSETM.2020.2406

Pelgrum, W. (2001). Obstacles to the integration of ICT in education: results from a worldwide educational assessment, Computers and Education, 37, 163-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-1315(01)00045-8

Raygan, A., & Moradkhani, S. (2020). Factors influencing technology integration in an EFL context: investigating EFL teachers’ attitudes, TPACK level, and educational climate. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 35(8), 1789-1810. https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2020.1839106

Ryn, A. S., & Sandaran, S. C. (2020). Teachers’ practices and perceptions of the use of ICT in ELT classrooms in the pre-Covid 19 pandemic era and suggestions for the 'New Normal'. LSP International Journal, 7(1), 99-119. https://doi.org/10.11113/lspi.v7n1.100

Sierra-Llorente, J., Bueno-Giraldo, I., & Monroy-Toro, S. (2016). Análisis del uso de las tecnologías TIC por parte de los docentes de las Instituciones educativas de la ciudad de Riohacha. Omnia, 22(2), 50-64. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/737/73749821005.pdf

Solís, J., & Solano, I. (2013). El uso de las TIC en el currículo de inglés de educación primaria por parte del profesorado novel. Revista Didáctica. Lengua y Literatura, 25, 315-331. https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_DIDA.2013.v25.42247

Sparrow, R., Dartanto, T.  & Hartwig, R. (2020). Indonesia under the New Normal: Challenges and the way ahead. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 56(3), 269-299. https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918.2020.1854079

Thi, D., & Luy, T. (2022). Remote teaching amid the COVID-19 pandemic in Vietnam: Primary school EFL teachers’ practices and perceptions. AsiaCALL Online Journal, 13(1), 1-21. http://eoi.citefactor.org/10.11251/acoj.13.01.001

Trust, T., & Whalen, J. (2020). Should teachers be trained in emergency remote teaching? Lessons Learned from the COVID-19 Pandemic. Jl. of Technology and Teacher Education, 28(2), 189-199.

Uluyol, Ç., & Sahin, S. (2014). Elementary school teachers’ ICT use in the classroom and their motivators for using ICT. British Journal of Educational Technology, 47(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12220

United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization. (2020). Serie de Seminarios Web para América Latina y el Caribe: No dejar a nadie atrás en tiempos de la pandemia del COVID-19. https://es.unesco.org/fieldoffice/santiago/covid-19-education-alc/seminarios-web

United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund. (2020a). Keeping the world’s children learning through COVID-19,  https://www.unicef.org/coronavirus/keeping-worlds-children-learningthrough-covid-19

United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund. (2020b). La educación frente al covid-19. UNICEF España. https://www.unicef.es/sites/unicef.es/files/educa/unicef-educa-covid19-propuestas-proteger-derecho-educacion-emergencia-0.pdf

Venkatesh, V., Morris, M., Davis, G., & Davis, F. (2003). User acceptance of information technology: towards a unified view. MIS Quarterly Research Article, 27(3), 425-478. https://doi.org/10.2307/30036540

Warschauer, M., & Meskill, C. (2000). Technology and second language learning. In J. Rosenathal (Ed.), Handbook of Undergraduate Second Language Education (pp. 303-318). Lawrence Erlbaum.

Wen, K. Y K., & Hua, T. K. (2020). ESL teachers’ intention in adopting online educational technologies during COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Education and E-Learning Research, 7(4), 387-394. https://doi.org/10.20448/journal.509.2020.74.387.394

Zhang, T. (2020). Learning from the Emergency Remote Teaching-Learning in China When Primary and Secondary Schools Were Disrupted by COVID-19 Pandemic. Education Faculty Publications. 101. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-40889/v1

Published

2024-07-28

How to Cite

Ramírez Romero, J. L., Gómez Domínguez, C. E., Salas Juárez, C. J., & Bautista Hernández, G. (2024). English as Foreign Language Teachers from Mexican Public Primary Schools: Readiness for Emergency Remote Teaching and Challenges for Post Pandemic Times. Perspectiva Educacional, 63(2), 83–104. https://doi.org/10.4151/07189729-Vol.63-Iss.2-Art.1434

Issue

Section

Artículos de Investigación